Rules of Narration (Direct to Indirect Speech)

                                       Rules of Narration

 

                           Reported Speech = Indirect Speech;    Sp = Speech

Can- could, may-might, will-would, shall-should/would, must-had to

Today – present day, tomorrow-the next day, yesterday – the day before, now-then,

Here-there, this-that, thus-so, these-those, hither-thither, come-go, hence-thence, next-the following

Please-requested to,   Imperative- ordered, Alas!- exclaimed sadly

Reporting verb ‘says’  থাকলে,  Indirect speech tense change হয় না

Eg: He says, “You are looking fine” ---> He says that I am looking fine.

Direct speech absolute truth  হলে, Indirect speech tense change হয় না

Eg: He said, “The sun rises in the east” ---> He said that the sun rises in the east.

 
 
Rule-1:
Direct Sp-এ Reporting Verb মাঝে অথবা শেষে থাকলে Indirect Sp-এ Reporting Verb বাক্যের একদম শুরুতে থাকবে।
Eg:
Direct Sp                                                                                             
“Will you play football tomorrow?” I asked Atif.            I asked Atif if he would play football the next day.
 
Rule-2:
দ্বিতীয় বা তৎপরবর্তী  Direct Sp-কে Indirect করার সময়ে Assertive Sentence-এর ক্ষেত্রে “ added/further added/ also said/again said” হবে।
দ্বিতীয় বা তৎপরবর্তী  Direct Sp-কে Indirect করার সময়ে Interrogative Sentence-এর ক্ষেত্রে  “also asked/further asked/again asked” হবে।
Eg:
Direct Sp -The teacher said to me, “You can stop reading. You may read tomorrow”.  
Indirect Sp -The teacher told me that I could stop reading then. He added that I might read the next day.
 
Rule-3(A):
Direct Sp-এ শুধু  “Yes” দেয়া থাকলে  Indirect Sp-এর  structure হবে  “Subject + replied in the affirmative.” অথবা, “Subject + do/does/did/was/were/has/have/had.”
 
Eg:
Direct Sp- Arik asked me, “Have you done your task?” I said, “Yes.”      
Indirect Sp -Arik asked me if I had done my task. I replied in the affirmative.
Arik asked me if I had done my task. I said that I had.
 
Rule-3(B):
Direct Sp-এ “Yes”-এর পর কোনো বক্তব্য থাকলে  Indirect Sp-এর  structure হবে  “Subject + replied in the affirmative + and said that…”
Eg:
Direct Sp -Arik said to Atif, “Have you finished your homework?” “Yes, I will submit it tomorrow”, said Atif. 
Indirect Sp -Arik asked Atif if he (Atif) had finished his homework. Atif replied in the affirmative and said that he would submit that the next day.
 
 
Rule-3(C):
Direct Sp-এ শুধু  “No” দেয়া থাকলে  Indirect Sp- এর  structure হবে  “Subject + replied in the negative.” অথবা, “Subject + Auxiliary Verb + Not”.
Eg:
Direct Sp- Afrin said to Fateha, “Are you preparing now?” Fateha said, “No”.   
Indirect Sp-Afrin asked Fateha if she (F) was preparing then. Fateha replied in the negative.
Afrin asked Fateha if she (F) was preparing then. Fateha replied that she was not.
 
Rule-3(D):
Direct Sp-এ  “No”-এর পর কোনো বক্তব্য থাকলে  Indirect Sp-এর  structure হবে  “Subject + replied in the negative + and said that”.
Eg:
Direct Sp -Arif said to Papia, “Are you coming to my home tomorrow?” “No, I have changed my decision”, said Papia.
Indirect Sp -Arif asked Papia if she (P) was coming to her (A) house the next day. Papia replied in the negative and said that she (P) had changed her decision.
 
Rule-4:
Direct Sp-এ  ‘Sir’ থাকলে Indirect Sp-এ  “Addressing as Sir” যোগ করতে হবে অথবা, Sir-এর পরিবর্তে “Respectfully” হবে।
Eg:
Direct Sp -The student said to his teacher, “Sir, I need the answer sheets.”       
Indirect Sp -The student told the teacher respectfully that he needed the answer sheets.
Addressing the teacher as Sir, the student said that he needed the answer sheets.
 
Rule-5:
Direct Sp-এ যদি কাউকে সম্বোধন (Address) করা হয়, তাহলে  Indirect Sp-এর প্রথমে  “Addressing as” যুক্ত হবে।
Eg:
Direct Sp- “Are you tired, friends?” said the Army chief.
Indirect Sp -Addressing them as friends, the army chief asked if they were tired.
 
Rule-6:
Direct Sp-এ  “By Allah/By Jove/By God/By my life” থাকলে  Indirect Sp-এ  “Swearing by Allah/ by Jove/ by God/ by my life.” যোগ হবে।
Eg:
Direct Sp-  “By Allah”, she replied, “I will not do this work”.      
Indirect Sp - Swearing by Allah, she replied that she would not do that work.
 
Rule-7:Inverted Comma-এর বাইরে  Reporting Verb যুক্ত  Phrase-এর অতিরিক্ত অংশ হিসেবে  Present Participle Phrase থাকলে  Indirect Sp-এ  “Present Participle Phrase” Sentence এর শুরুতে বসে।
Eg:
Direct Sp- “Are you brothers?” asked the mistress of the house, turning to the dervishes.       
Indirect Sp -Turning to the dervishes, the mistress of the house asked if they were brothers.
 
 
Rule-8:
Direct Sp-টি Assertive হওয়া সত্ত্বেও তার শেষে প্রশ্নবোধক চিহ্ন থাকলে  Indirect Sp-এ  Reporting Verb-এর পূর্বে “Being surprised” লিখতে হয়।
Eg:
Direct Sp - He said to her, “You have kept in mind how they survived?”
Indirect Sp - Being surprised, he asked her if she had kept in mind how they had survived.
 
 Rule-9:
Direct Sp- এ Thank you থাকলে  Indirect Sp-এর  Structure হবে  “Reporting Verb-এর  Subject + thanked + Reporting Verb-এর  object.”
Eg:
Direct Sp - She said to him, “Thank you”.           Indirect Sp - She thanked him.
 
Rule-10:
Direct Sp এ  “Good bye” থাকলে  Indirect Sp-এর  Structure হবে  “Reporting Verb-এর  Subject + bid/bade + Reporting Verb-এর  object + good bye.”
Eg:
Direct Sp - She said, “Good bye my buddies!”.       
Indirect Sp -She bade her buddies good bye.
 
Rule-11:
Direct Sp-এ  “good morning/good evening/good night” থাকলে  Indirect Sp-এর  Structure হবে  “Reporting Verb-এর  Subject + wish/wished + good morning/ good evening/good night.”
Eg:
Direct Sp - He said to her, “Good night”. 
Indirect Sp -He wished her good night.
 
Rule-12:
অনেক সময় Direct Sp-এ পূর্ণাঙ্গ Sentence না থেকে  Sentence এর অংশ অর্থাৎ Phrase থাকলে, Indirect Sp-এ বক্তার বক্তব্যকে অনুসরণ করে উক্ত Sp-কে পূর্ণাঙ্গ Sentence-এ রূপান্তর করতে হয়।
Eg:
Direct Sp – “You’ve served me a good meal. How much to pay you?” I said to the waiter.  “Four hundred fifty Taka?” -“Anything is alright.”
Indirect Sp -I told the waiter that he had served me a good meal. I also asked him how much I should pay him. I further asked him if four hundred fifty taka would do. He replied that anything was all right.
 
Rule-13:
যদি  Direct Sp-এ বক্তা ও শ্রোতা উল্লেখ না থাকে, তাহলে বক্তার ক্ষেত্রে  “The speaker” এবং শ্রোতার ক্ষেত্রে  “The listener” অথবা  “The person spoken to” ব্যবহার করতে হয়।
Eg:
Direct Sp – “Are you playing tomorrow?” “Yes, I will play tomorrow afternoon.”         
Indirect Sp -The speaker asked the listener if he (L) was playing the next day. The listener replied in the affirmative and said that he would play the next afternoon.